[유효상 칼럼] 왜 가짜뉴스에 쉽게 현혹될까

ȿ ܰ濵 /=ȿ

츮 谡 '¥' ΰ ִ. Ư о߰ ƴ϶ ġ, , ȸ, ȭ, ۡ о߿ ϰ ȮǸ鼭 ȸ ȥ п ߱ϰ ִ. Ư Ҽȹ̵ ΰ ¥ ¿ ȭǰ ־ Ӹ ƴ϶ 絵 ϴ. ׷ ¥ Ȯϰ ϴ ʴ. ȥǾ ְ, Ȯ ϴ ƴϰ ų̳ ְ Ǵ ʿ 찡 ̴. ̰ , Ǽ̳ Ǽ  Ǵ 忡 븦 ޸ ִ. ¥ ޽ ǰ κٴ κ ޽ ϴ Ϳ Եȴ. Ư л ¥, Ʃ ϸ 100% ¥ ̴. Ȯ Ȳ Ǵ (rumor) ȥDZ⵵ Ѵ.

9 '¶λ ߸ ¼ ' '۽Ʈ 巡Ʈ (First Draft News)' ¥ , мϿ 7 зϰ ̸ '¥ ܼ ʴ(: Fake news. It's complicated.)' ߴ. ̵ ظ ֱ ƴ ִ 'dzڳ з', ̳ ٸ '' ', ǰ ٸ ؼϴ '', ǰ Բ ' ƶ', ¥ ó ϴ 'Ī', ũ ռ̳ '', ó ǵ 100% ' ' ̴. ϴ ¥ ִ.

Ƽ Ʈ, ƿ̾ Ʈ ۰ ۷ 'Ÿ ؼ(: Talking to Strangers)'̶ å ٸ ϰų Ƿ Ͼ ɸ ߴ. ù ° ' ⺻ ̷(Truth-Default Theory)'̴. õ Ÿ ⺻ ̶ Ͽ ȴٴ ̴. ̸ ⺻ ̷̶ Ѵ. ׷ ڽ 𸣴 о߳ ο 忡 ϴ ϰ ٴ ̴. ׷ ֱ ̴. Ư ڽ ų̳ ġϸ ϰ ϰ ȴ. ̷ Ǹ ִ Ƿ ϰ ȴٴ ̴.

° ϴ ǥ̳ ൿ, ִٰ ϴ ' (Illusion of Transparency)'̴. , г, , , Ȳ شϴ ǥ , Ӹ ϰ 󱼿 巯 Ǵ ִٰ ϴ ̴. ڴ ɸа ' ǿ ǥ(: Facial expressions in response to a highly surprising event exceeding the field of vision)'̶ ̷ 㱸. ڸ û ְ ǥ м 5% Ϲ ϴ ǥ . ׷ κ ڴ ڽ Ȯ ǥ ٰ Ȯߴ. ̷ ܼ ٸ 鿩ٺ ִٰ .

̵Ŀ´̼а Ǻ ڵ鿡 , 8 縦 ְ 5 縦 д ð ߴ. ڽ ؿ ġϴ 縦 д 2 24ʸ , ʴ 縦 1 55ʸ . ڽ ؿ ġϴ δٴ ̴. ϻ ڽ Ը ´ ϸ ִ. Ʈ  ˰ ϴ (filter bubble) ̷ ȭǰ ִ. ׷ ؼ 'Ȯ' ȭǸ鼭, Ȳ繫 е ϰ Ƿ ϴ ̴.

Ϲ ɸа ٴϿ Ʈ ' (: You Can't Not Believe Everything You Read)'  Ȳ ȥϴ ˾ƺô. Ǻ ִ , Ǹ Ǵܷ¿ ũ , ÿ Ѳ ϳ ð ȯ й 鼭 κ Ǽ ϴ Ÿ.

ũ ൿа ָ ֱ '̽(: Misbelief)' ̼ ϰ Ǵ ߴµ, ù ° Ʈ. Ѱ ٴ ¥ ϴ´ٴ ̴. ڱ տ Ʈ , ٸ ̳ ġ ° ã 𰡸 ã´. ׷ Ͼ ڽ 忡 ִ ̾߱⿡ ͸ ̰, Ʈ ؼϱ ã ´. ̶ δ ߿ ʴٴ ̴.

ǽó θƮ ӽ 'Ҹ  ߴ°(: Post-Truth: How Bullshit Conquered the World)' å Ȥ ϴ Ҹ(bullshit) мϰ ߴ. ǰ ο ΰ ϴ ̶, Ҹ ǵ Ű ʰ Ƴ 㱸 ̴. ð µ ʿ ̸ ׾߸ 'ƹ ġ' ġ ִ ̴. ׷ ߿ ̷ ͵ ʹ ϻ, ֿ å, ̸ ߿ İ ִٴ ̴.

ؼ ⼺ 巯. ڽ ϴ ؼϷ ϱ ̴. ̸ ɸ ߷(motivated reasoning)'̶ Ѵ. ϰ ٰŴ ϰ, ϰ ٰŸ ä п ϰ ϴ ̴. ׷ δ ̰ ո ߴٰ Ѵ. ɸа ͽ '4 ī (The Four-Card Task)' 󸶳 ̱ 簡 ȮϿ.

¥ ϱ , ũ ¥ ɷ ߿ ϰ ִ. ׷ ո ΰ ذ ̷ µ ̺å Ұ ̴. ٺ ¥ ϴ ƴ϶, 䰡 âϰ ִٴ ؾ ̴.